In the fourth and last article of this series, the author presents one of the most well-known bodhisattvas to our readers.

Animals and insects kill each other only for food, but human beings may kill each other because of anger or hatred, shown most vividly in all the wars throughout human history. We kill animals to indulge our greed for meat or money. We resort to lying and stealing in order to fulfill our desires. People commit many crimes or sins out of ignorance, and so there are always souls being punished in hell.

In the Buddhist concept, hell is one of the six destinations in the cycle of reincarnation. Souls are punished there for the crimes or sins they committed in previous incarnations. There are many different levels in hell for various kinds of punishment. Contrary to the Western concept of eternal punishment in hell, souls can be reborn in another realm once their punishments have been completed. However, even though they have received their punishments, some people may still not have become better people for it or fully repented for serious crimes committed in previous lives, so they may be reborn as animals or insects.

Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva vowed that as long as there was still one suffering soul in hell, he would not attain buddhahood. Since there are always many souls in hell, Ksitigarbha has a lot of work to do! However, because of his great compassion, the bodhisattva still vowed to save them all. He does not want to see people being punished in hell and then committing still more crimes in their next lives. In addition to suffering souls in hell, the bodhisattva also helps living beings in other realms: humans, celestial beings, asuras, hungry ghosts, and animals and insects. He hopes that by teaching all these creatures, he will be able to stop them from committing more crimes, and thus help them to end their constant suffering.

The bodhisattva appears in different transformations, depending on which realm he is in. Nevertheless, the most popular depiction of this bodhisattva in Chinese temples is as a monk with or without a five-sided crown. This appearance is quite extraordinary because other bodhisattvas tend to be portrayed as lay people with jewels and ornaments around their bodies and heads. The difference is that Ksitigarbha wants all people to respect the Three Treasures--the Buddha, the dharma and the sangha--and to believe in the law of cause and effect.

He is usually portrayed holding a lotus flower in his left hand and forming a gesture of courage with his right hand. Other well-known images show his left hand holding a precious jewel while the right hand either forms a gesture of granting wishes or holds a Buddhist staff. In these cases, the jewel symbolizes the treasure of another world.

Previous incarnations

Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva was different from other bodhisattvas in that he was never an enlightened buddha in any of his previous incarnations. The Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva Sutra describes previous existences of the bodhisattva and explains what caused his previous incarnations to vow to carry out the Path of the Bodhisattvas.

In the first incarnation, the young bodhisattva saw a buddha one day, and he was awed by the buddha's majestic appearance. His appearance stemmed from his abundant blessings, which in turn originated from his compassion. He asked the buddha how he could obtain such an exalted appearance and temperament, and the buddha replied, "You must help all suffering beings for generations to come." The young man then vowed to do so.

In another life, the bodhisattva was a woman named Kuang Mu. One day, she made an offering to an arhat, and he asked her if she had any wish. The woman said that she would like to know where her deceased mother had gone. The arhat went into meditation and discovered that her mother was being punished in hell. The arhat then came out of his meditation and asked the woman why her mother should suffer so. Kuang Mu replied that her mother used to enjoy eating tortoises, especially young ones. The arhat told her to sincerely recite the name of the Pure Lotus Eyes Buddha, and he drew the buddha's image for her to worship. Kuang Mu then went home and did as the arhat had said. She saw the buddha in a dream, and he said to her, "Your mother will soon be born in your home."

Later, a maid at her home gave birth to a daughter. Only three days later, the child suddenly started talking. She told Kuang Mu that she was her mother from the previous life, and that thanks to Kuang Mu's constant prayers, she was able to ascend from hell. However, she would only live for thirteen years, and after she died she would fall again to an evil realm. Kuang Mu felt very sad about her mother's plight, so she vowed to rescue all beings from their suffering and help them to attain buddhahood.

In a third incarnation, Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva was the ruler of a small kingdom. He and the king of a neighboring realm were good friends, as well as good and righteous kings. However, some of their citizens still committed all kinds of crimes. So one day, these two kings got together and decided to help their people. One vowed to attain buddhahood as soon as possible so that he could save these poor people. The other king vowed to save these poor people first, and then he would be willing to attain buddhahood only after all his people had done so. The latter king was the one we know today as Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva.

These are just three of the bodhisattva's incarnations described in the sutra. The Path of the Bodhisattvas is long and requires the continuous efforts of the practitioner. But we can see that Ksitigarbha is one of the greatest bodhisattvas because of his great vow to bring relief to all suffering beings, especially the souls in hell. In the sutra, Sakyamuni Buddha praised Ksitigarbha for his compassionate deeds, and he proclaimed that the bodhisattva had acquired unlimited blessings from his great vow and his eons of work to help others. The bodhisattva's spiritual cultivation has also reached the level of a buddha, but due to his great vow to save all suffering beings first, he still appears as a bodhisattva.

One thing in the sutra worth noticing is that Sakyamuni Buddha entrusted to Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva the responsibility of continuing to save people after the Buddha himself passed away. The next buddha, Maitreya, will appear on earth several thousand years from now, and during this period humans and other living beings will have no buddha to guide them on the path to enlightenment. The Buddha thus requested Ksitigarbha to shoulder the responsibility of relieving people from their worries and guiding them to enlightenment.

The Pure Lands of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva

There are two places seen as the Pure Lands of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, one in India and one in China. The one in India is Kharadiya Mountain, near the ancient city of Gaya, ninety-six kilometers southwest of modern Patna. The Buddha once gave a lecture about Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva on this mountain. Just before he began to speak, all sorts of incredible things happened: clouds made fantastic formations around the mountain, and the people in the audience saw themselves decorated with flowers, jewels, and other ornaments. The radiance of the jewels shone in every direction to the Pure Lands of other buddhas. Then, the Buddha told the people why all this was happening.

The other Pure Land is at Chiuhua Mountain, one of the four most famous mountains in China. It is located in Anhui Province, eastern China. A Korean monk named Chin Chao-chueh once lived there with his white dog. Some villagers came to the mountain and discovered his crude, ascetic lifestyle, and they built a temple for him in which he could carry out his spiritual cultivation. At that time, the person who owned the mountain was a rich old man whom everyone called "Elder Min." He was a devoted Buddhist, and when he learned that a holy man had been living on his mountain, he promptly invited him for a meal. During the meal, Chin asked Elder Min for a piece of land to build a larger temple. Elder Min agreed, but he teased the monk by saying, "You may have as much land as you can cover with the shadow of your robe." Chin took off his robe and threw it up into the air, and its shadow covered the whole mountain. Amazed by this display of supernatural power, Elder Min happily agreed to donate the whole mountain to the monk.

It is said that during the day Chin gave lectures on Buddhism to his disciples and lay followers, but at night he also taught ghosts and suffering souls in hell. Therefore, people believed that Chin was a transformation of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, and they built a temple on the mountain to commemorate him after he died. Chiuhua Mountain thus became this bodhisattva's Pure Land in China.

Following the buddhas and bodhisattvas

The Buddhist figures that I have introduced in the last several issues of the Tzu Chi Quarterly may seem mysterious or even fabricated, especially since they all have supernatural powers that allow them to travel to distant places or to change their appearance. They do not seem to come from this earth. But can we say they are not real because they seem superhuman and have supernatural powers? We have to remember that our universe is truly vast and there are billions or even trillions of stars in this universe. This means that there are countless worlds and other forms of life. Then, why can't there be living beings like Amitabha Buddha, the Medicine Buddha, and the bodhisattvas? Why do we think that our earth is the only place in the universe that can sustain life? Why does all life have to look like us?

The buddhas and the bodhisattvas have all gone through many incarnations to become what we know today. In the same way, we must work hard to attain to their level.

The levels that these buddhas and bodhisattvas have reached indicate that they practiced the Path of the Bodhisattvas for eons. Such practitioners must maintain a spirit of compassion towards all living beings, and they must put that compassion into action and do good deeds for many lifetimes. Compassion is the foundation of Buddhism. If we can summarize the Buddhist dogmas with one word, it is "compassion." After he had attained enlightenment, the Buddha compassionately decided to teach his discoveries to all people, because he did not want to see them ensnared by common, worldly things.

The things of this world are not permanent. They come, change and disappear. Even we human beings must go through the stages of birth, aging, illness and death. Thus, there is no need to cling to anything in this world. Unfortunately, people keep trying to cling to the things around them. All over the world, men kill their girlfriends (and vice versa!) because they refuse to let go of their love, even after it has faded and dried up. If they could learn to let go of their attachments--to let go of things that are not really theirs, things that keep changing and vanishing no matter how hard they may try to cling to them--they would not commit such crimes.

The buddhas and bodhisattvas have learned to let go. Thus, they can have total peace of mind since they are free from any kind of entanglement, physical or mental. They feel compassion towards people who are trapped into causing troubles or committing crimes. They want to help these people and teach them compassion so that they can in turn help others.

This is the path that Master Cheng Yen and the members of Tzu Chi have been following. They want to put compassion into action to bring peace and happiness to the world. They teach people to help others and thus start a cycle of goodness. They walk on the same Path of the Bodhisattvas that the buddhas and bodhisattvas went on before. Thus, they hope that they will also ultimately achieve enlightenment and become like the buddhas and bodhisattvas.